Study On The Growth Of Islamic Banking Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1636 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? After its first introduction on experimental basis in a small town of Egypt in 1963, many Islamic Banks, both with letter and spirit, were established in the Middle Eastern and Asian regions. The growth of Islamic banking has been increasing ever since, not only in terms of number of countries it is operating in but also in term of areas of finance it has ventured. In three decades, Islamic banks have grown in number as well as in size world wide and are being practiced on even more intensive scale. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On The Growth Of Islamic Banking Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Some countries like Sudan and Iran, have converted their entire banking system to Islamic banking. In other countries where conventional banking is still dominating the Islamic Banking is operating alongside. Today, Islamic banks are operating in more than sixty countries Islamic Banking and Finance is growing at between 10%-15% per annum and is boasting global assets in excess of $1Trillion. A recent survey indicated that there are more than 160 Islamic financial institutions existing world wide. Gradual and steady spread of the Islamic banks over time over the world is a lucid manifestation of success and the symbolic growth rate is the hallmark of this emerging market. Being fastest growing segment of the credit market in Muslim countries, market share of Islamic banks in Muslim countries has risen from 2% in the late 1970s to about 15 percent today (Yousaf 2000). Islamic banking is getting popularity, warm welcome, and appreciation also by non-Muslims in Muslim and non-Muslim countries. According to although, most of the Islamic banks are within Middle Eastern and/or Emerging countries, many universal banks in developed countries have started to spigot huge demand of Islamic financial products. This also confirms that Islamic banking is as viable and efficient as the conventional banking is. Where the financial liberalization and deregulation have created new challenges and new realities for Islamic banks, the globalization effect has also put these institutions in Cutthroat competition with traditional financial institutions in well developed financial markets. It has become indispensable for Islamic banks to be innovative in designing Islamically acceptable instruments to grapple with the unremitting innovations in financial markets and to compete in local and global deposit markets. Moreover, for fund mobilization and utilization, Islamic banks must seek investment opportunities and avenues that offer competitive rates of return at acceptable degrees of risk. In order to maximize the value of the bank, management of the bank should carefully consider interactions between different performance measures. Islamic Banking As defined, Islamic Banks aim to provide banking services that are in accordance with Islamic Principles and Shariah within the complete Islamic financial system, which in turn aims to bring the most benefit to society in terms of equity and prosperity, rather than focusing solely on creating maximum returns on capital. Islamic banks aim to achieve the socio-economic goals of the Islamic religion which are reaching full-employment, a high rate of economic growth, equitable distribution of wealth and income, socioeconomic justice, smooth mobilization of investments and savings while ensuring a fair return for all parties and finally emphasize the stability of money value. A crucial factor inhibiting Islamic banking growth is the lack of financial performance measures that are adapted to Islamic financial institutions and their special practices. This has led to the slow emergence of Islamic banks on the global markets, since they are unable to fairly and clearly represent their fina ncial position. For this reason it becomes important to investigate and identify one of the available performance measurement tools to find a powerful tool for measuring the performance of conventional banks, and then attempt to adapt and modify such a tool to be used for Islamic banks to overcome one of the critical challenges of Islamic banking. Measuring the performance of Islamic banks is necessary to be able to detect problems and settle concerns about the safety and soundness of investments for depositors, managers, and regulators alike. It is highly important for managers to determine the financial position of their institution compared to their competition or industry benchmarks, as well as evaluating how effective previously taken decisions affected the bank. Islamic bank performance measurements also help Shariah Supervisory Boards and other regulators to understand the performance of banks and to ensure only transparent and clear information is available and used. Finally it helps investors to identify chances and investment opportunity and ensure that the best decision regarding use of funding is being taken. Historical view of Islamic banking As with all things Islamic, the origination of Islamic finance goes back to the time of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon Him). The Quran and the example of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon Him) provide direct behavioral guide and represent bedrock of Islamic faith to over one billion Muslims globally. The Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon Him) happened to be a businessman serving as a trader for Khadija (May Allah bepleased with Her). The Prophetic example was the very epitome of fair-trade. Refraining from usury, ensuring transparency in transactions, and total honesty entitled him Al- Amin (The trustworthy) in pre-Islamic Arabia (Sufyan7). Muslim societies banking movement is limited, such as receiving of deposit, move back to the era of the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon Him). At that time people deposited money with the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon Him) or with Abu Bakr Sedique (May Allah be pleased with Him), the first Khalif of Islam. In order to keep away from appearance of Islamic fundamentalism which was abhorrence to the political system, first new test with Islamic banking was commence in Egypt face without analytical an Islamic picture. Ahmad El Najjar made pioneering effort and established Banking in based on profit and saving in Egyptian town of in l963. There were nine such banks in the country by 1967. These banks, which are totally free of interest and dealing with trade and also investing the amount in different sector and gain profit share customer and depositors. Islamic banks were act really as investment and saving institution quite different as profitable banks. In the seventies, because of alteration the political environment that take place in many Muslim countries, there was no longer any strong need to establish Islamic financial institutions under cover. Both with letter and spirit, in the Middle East established a number of Islamic banks, e.g., the (1975) Dubai Islamic Bank, (l977) the Faisal Islamic Bank of Egypt ,(l977) the F aisal Islamic Bank of Sudan, and the(l979)Bahrain Islamic Bank to mention a few. A number of banks were also established in the Asia-Pacific region in response to these winds of change, e.g., established in l973 Philippine Amanah Bank (PAB) . Its interest-based operations continue to coexist with the Islamic method of money.PAB operates two windows for deposit transactions, i.e., conventional and Islamic. Malaysia Islamic banking introduce in l983, but not without experience. Muslim Pilgrims Savings Corporation (MPSC) was the first (non-bank) Islamic financial .In 1969, which is now popularly known as the Tabung Haji. The success of the Tabung Haji also provided the main thrust for establishing Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB). Difference between Islamic Banks and conventional Banks Like conventional bank, Islamic bank is an intermediary and trustee of money of other people but the difference is that it shares profit and loss with its depositors. This difference that introduces the element of mutuality in Islamic banking makes its depositors as customers with some ownership of right in it. Islamic banking and conventional banking differs in that while the conventional banking follows conventional interest-based principle, the Islamic banking is based on interest free principle and principle of Profit-and-Loss (PLS) sharing in performing their businesses as intermediaries. Rationale behind prohibition of interest and the importance of PLS in Islamic banking has been discussed in many Islamic economics studies8. Moreover, Islamic PLS principle creates the relationship of financial trust and partnership between borrower, lender, and intermediary (Yudistira 2003). Islamic finance is a financial system with the aim to fulfill the teaching of Holy Quran as opposed t o reaping maximum return on financial assets. Conformity to norms of Islamic ethics is the main concern of Islamic financial system. These norms of Islamic ethics as enunciated by the Shariah govern all transactions in an Islamic financial system. At a fundamental level, an Islamic financial system can be described as a Fair and a Free system where Fairness is the primary objective; however, it also circumscribes the freedom of the participants in the system. Though, in Islam participants are free to enter into transactions but this basic norm of freedom doest not imply rampant freedom to contract and is constrained by other norms, such as, the prohibition of Riba and Gharar. Difference between the two banking systems also lies in terms of governance structure. Islamic banks must obey a different set of rules those of the Holy Quran and meet up the hope of Muslim society by given that Islamically-suitable funding method. Islamic banks are similar to those of non-Islamic banks in t hat both offer similar (financial) services and play a pivotal role in the economic development of their societies. But they are different in that Islamic banks, unlike non-Islamic banks, are bound to follow Islamic Shariah in their operations. For instance, according to Islamic Shariah exploitative contracts based on Riba (usury or interest) or unfair contracts that involve risk or speculation are unforeseeable. Islamic banks compared with non-Islamic banks seek a just and equitable distribution of resources. Islamic bank is based on Islamic Faith and its operations must be within the boundaries of Islamic Law or the Shariah. There are four rules that govern investment behavior (Suleiman 2001): the absence of interest-based (RIBA) transactions; the avoidance of economic activities involving speculation (GHARAR); the introduction of an Islamic tax, ZAKAT; the warning of the services and creation of merchandise which disagree with the value example of Islam (HARAM).

The Uneasily Defined Organizational Structure of Apple Essay

The Uneasily Defined Organizational Structure of Apple Anna Windust MGT/230 January 20, 2013 Christi Monk The Uneasily Defined Organizational Structure of Apple Organizational structures have been used for centuries to help people within organizations to understand who holds authoritative roles and how it is ordered, who has certain responsibilities and how they are organized and executed, and how communication flows between the tiers of management (â€Å"BusinessDictionary,† 2013). There are many types of organizational structures; the common ones are functional, divisional, and matrix organizational structures. Apple is a company in which the organizational structure is somewhat of a mystery; therefore, it is a very interesting†¦show more content†¦It was rare that any employee would not have a clear understanding of what Job’s direction was going and what his objectives of any given week were. There was such a personal connection to the CEO that employees at all levels generally believed they were an instrumental and working part of the organization. Jobs wanted the very best person in each specific job; therefore, employees were held accountable for their own positions. Lashinsky (2011) noted the odd culture and organizational structure of Apple: To Apples legion of admirers, the company is like a tech version of Wonkas factory, an enigmatic but enchanted place that produces wonderful items they cant get enough of. That characterization is true, but Apple also is a brutal and unforgiving place, where accountability is strictly enforced, decisions are swift, and communication is articulated clearly from the top. (para. 3) The organizational structure at Apple would make most people uneasy, yet surprisingly the employee turn-over is quite low. Employees have a good understanding of what the company wants to achieve, believes in the products that they are creating, and wants the company to succeed. These beliefs have helped employees to meet the organizational goals of Apple, making it one of the most successful companies in the United States. Apple has a reputation for providing top-quality customer service. Employees are required to have a

Day When Every Thing Went Wrong Free Essays

It was a fine Saturday morning. I got up in haste. Quickly I got ready for my school. We will write a custom essay sample on Day When Every Thing Went Wrong or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was 7. 05 am and my mother shouted at me for not taking my breakfast properly. However I ran to my bus stop and to my utter misfortune the bus had already left. I was literally breathless. I couldn’t afford to go a single minute late in my maths examination. Again I ran to my house and luckily my brother was there to take me to my school. I thanked God for that and bidding goodbye to my mother we both went to school. On the way we saw huge mass gathering for there took place an accident. My brother stopped there for a while. I actually didn’t want him to go and inspect the matter. Rather I said him to take another route. He managed to take me by another way. Suddenly my eye fell on my watch and I saw there were fifteen more minutes for our examination to start. I just closed my eyes and prayed that I would be able to attend my examination properly. My brother asked me not to worry and assured that we would reach school in just five minutes. He raised the pin of the speedometer to 80 . I took a deep breath of relaxation as I could see my school in front of my eyes. Then suddenly two dogs rushed to the middle of the road fighting strenuously. My brother failed to control the speed and ultimately one of the dogs came between the two wheels of our bike. Our bike got hashed on the wall. My head got banged on a stone. But still then I was uttering â€Å"my examination, my examination!! †My brother was bleeding profusely. But he managed to take a lift from a van. I got admitted in the Hospital and had facial paralysis for some time. Seriously if I had to remember the worst day of my life then it would be none other than 4th January 2010. I felt so bad that I couldn’t even express my feelings in words. The whole year I worked so hard and at the end I got promotion to the next class on the basis of a medical certificate. But I thanked God for keeping me and my brother safe. How to cite Day When Every Thing Went Wrong, Papers

Millennials At Reshaping Workplace Culture -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Millennials At Reshaping Workplace Culture? Answer: Introduction Millennials are also known as Generation Y and they are following Generation X. Millennials are the young generation who reached their adulthood at the turn of 21st Century (De Vaney 2015). Millennials are marked by the increased utilisation of communication technologies, media and they are familiar with digital technologies. Post-war of Baby Boomers, Millennials were brought up in a liberal way and they are civic-minded. In this study, the working styles of Millennials are described with the theoretical approach with taking help of secondary data sources. Regardless of the age of Millennials, the people are emotionally committed to the workplace and they try to find the works that suit them. Problem statement Millennials in the workplace are young, smart, brash and they are savvy with technologies and latest gadgets. Management in the workplace understand the generation gap and they deploy the employees in such a way where bonding among the employees must be good. There can be a cultural clash between baby boomers and Millennials as their process of thinking and working style may not match. Millennials are the pioneer of technologies and open-minded thinking, baby boomers and Gen-X think that Generation Y brings attitude at the workplace (Smith and Nichols 2015). Millennials are goal oriented, they have expectations, they do not afraid of workplace changes and they find creative challenges at the workplace. Millennials' differ in the application of new age workplace culture of gig economy, work-life balance, flat corporate culture and social consciousness (Pomarici and Vecchio 2014). In the Australian workplace, 18% of the employees in the workplace are aged after 58 and this projected to reduce by 11% by 2030 (Pwc.com 2018). Millennials mainly bring the workplace culture by bringing the technologies, social media at the workplace, immediate feedback culture and doing knowledge-based jobs. They choose the career paths that are less predictable and more dynamic Performance of Millennials at workplace Millennials are born after 1982 and their thinking process is different than baby boomers. Managers in the workplace try to exploit the Millennials as they have positive outlook and qualities that the managers seek. Within a workplace, team bonding can become weaker if the poor management style is employed. Baby boomers, Gen-X and Millennials need to work together with the cohort. As stated by Pinzaru (2016), the performance of the Millennials is different from Gen-X and Baby Boomers as they are the top employees and organisation's most effective assets. They can use technologies, they are fresh thoughts of the organisation, they believe in work-life balance and they focus on social-entrepreneurship. The performance of the Millennials is an important matter for the employers as they have been entering the workplace in vast numbers and they will shape the workplace for many years to come. Millennials already take 26% of the overall work and it will reach 50% of the global workforce (D eal et al. 2014). Changes brought by millennials at workplace Millennials have brought the concept of loyalty-line as Millennials are loyal towards the employers. In 2010, a statistic showed that Millennials are expected to work between three and five employers in their lifetime. Millennials and Gen-X both have experienced the recession and tough time have provided an urge to compromise in expectation of salary (Choi et al. 2015). They can work in different roles in the workplace and they try to work with the current employer for long-time. In addition, according to DeVaney (2015), Millennials are committed towards personal life as they have brought the concept of developing a work-life balance. Flexible working hours and the idea of gig economy are the concepts brought by them. Millennials are completely fine with working in the multicultural workplace and they are techno-generation. They are moving up to the leader faster and Gen-Y tries to provide the waning significance of corporate responsibility (Pomarici and Vecchio 2014). Millennials lo ve to travel and they are in love with going overseas for a job assignment. Challenges and benefits are given by millennial at workplace Millennials pose challenges to the organisational productivity when the employees glued to the social networking sites or busy with online shopping sites. Understanding the generational gap is very essentials for the managers and recruiters. Millennials leave the employers in short-span of time and thus created alarming concern to the employers. Millennials want flexible working hours and work-from-home facility; therefore, managers face challenges to manage them. Generation Y believe in casual dress at workplace and dress-code is a burden for them (Papavasileiou and Lyons 2015). On the other side, Millennials are spirited with passion and competitive in nature as they have their own traits and set of working styles. Gen Y love challenges and they find a balance with the older generation. They define cross-generational values (Smith and Nichols 2015). They practice flexibility and they can reach leadership within a short-span of time. Summarising relevant subject areas Pinzaru et al. (2016), discussed psychological profile of Millennials and they also found out the differences between other generations and Gen Y in terms of characteristics, personality, values and reactions of stress. This study explores the side of the motivation of the Gen Y through public acknowledgement, recognition and positive feedback from the management. Jennifer et al. (2010), did the empirical research on the behaviour of Gen Y in the workplace and they found that behaviour of the Millennials is contradictory. This study focused on long-term health outcomes, work attitudes and personal factors in the workplace. Generational differences and similarities are also researched. Thompson and Gregory (2012), stated about common stereotypes at the workplace of the employees in the context of politics, education social and economical. The authors opined that management style must help the Millennials to bring the best from them. Millennials ways of working are different from the previous generations. Hershatter (2010), illustrated and illuminated characteristics of generation Y. In recent time, organisations have been facing the issue of a new generation which is entering in large numbers as their characteristics are completely different. Gen Y has a relationship with technologies and it highlights the best practices of the organisation. Kowske (2010), explained that generational differences are an important factor in the workplace by showing the work attitudes, job security, turnover issues. Millennials' attitudes in work differ from the previous generations; however, effect sizes are depended on the work attitudes. Gen Y believes in mainly job satisfaction and benefits provided by employers. Kultalahti et al. (2014), discussed perception of the Gen Y regarding the motivation factors at the workplace. This study summarised the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation at the workplace; it talked about the many dichotomies of negative and positive factors of motivation. Paulin et al. (2014), discussed non-profit organisations and its association with sustainable involvement with the millennial generation. Millennials always support the social causes and they get autonomous motivation. Christina and Dimitriou (2015) suggested about American people and their characteristics and traits. This study compares the Millennials with the older generation and Millennials' attitudes are described with a relationship with colleagues and opportunities for promotion. Conclusion The business scenario has changed drastically with time and workforce has been going through the change. The concept of working culture in the workplace is becoming more flexible and employees are needed to have more EQ and less IQ. Millennials are used to with the technologies and hand-held devices that they use in their life. Millennials want to have their own business and digital technologies provide a better opportunity for creativity and entrepreneurship. In workplace culture, they bring the flexibility of working hours, gig economy and work-life balance. In addition, Millennials believe in fast-paced life and they are dynamic. However, their relationship with the previous generations is blurred as Gen Y is less optimistic. In career and work life, for Gen Y, money is not everything as an opportunity in career progression takes the highest value. Reference List Choi, J.W., Lee, J.H. and Kim, K.Y., 2015. Exploring Millennial generation behaviour of gamification contents converging with ICT and sharing economy: Hierarchical clustering analysis. In Computer Science and Its Applications(pp. 789-794). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. The deal, J.J., Altman, D.G. and Rogelberg, S.G., 2014. Millennials at work: What we know and what we need to do (if anything). Journal of Business and Psychology,25(2), pp.191-199. Deeken, J., Webb, P.L. and Taffurelli, V., 2008. We are all winners: training silents to Millennials to work as a team.The Serials Librarian,54(3-4), pp.211-216. DeVaney, S. A. 2015. Understanding the millennial generation.Journal of Financial Service Professionals,69(6), pp.11-14. Dimitriou, C.K. and Blum, S.C., 2015. An exploratory study of Greek Millennials in the hotel industry: How do they compare to other generations?.International Journal of Global Business,8(1), pp.34-56 Felix, D. 2013. The composition of a Successful Management Team: How Much and What Kind of Experience Makes a Difference? The Journal of Private Equity, Vol.1 (1), pp.33-36. Hurwitz, M and Hurwitz, D, 2013. Personal, Team, and Organizational Development. In Leadership is Half the Story: A Fresh Look at Followership, Leadership, and Collaboration. University of Toronto Press, Vol. 10(4), pp.23-78. Kowske, B.J., Rasch, R. and Wiley, J., 2010. Millennials(lack of) attitude problem: An empirical examination of generational effects on work attitudes.Journal of Business and Psychology,25(2), pp.265-279. Kultalahti, S. and Liisa Viitala, R., 2014. Sufficient challenges and a weekend aheadGeneration Y describing motivation at work.Journal of Organizational Change Management,27(4), pp.569-582. Papavasileiou, E.F. and Lyons, S.T., 2015. A comparative analysis of the work values of Greece's Millennialgeneration.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,26(17), pp.2166-2186. Paulin, M., J. Ferguson, R., Jost, N. and Fallu, J.M., 2014. Motivating Millennials to engage in charitable causes through social media. Journal of Service Management,25(3), pp.334-348. Pnzaru, F. 2016. Millennials at work. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 4(2), pp.173-192. Pomarici, E. and Vecchio, R., 2014. Millennial generation attitudes to sustainable wine: an exploratory study on Italian consumers.Journal of Cleaner Production,66, pp.537-545. Pwc.com. (2018). Millennials at the workplace. Available at: https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/services/consulting/documents/millennials-at-work.pdf [Accessed 20 Feb. 2018]. Smith, T.J. and Nichols, T., 2015. Understanding the millennial generation.The Journal of Business Diversity,15(1), p.39. Thompson, C. and Gregory, J.B., 2012. Managing Millennials: A framework for improving attraction, motivation, and retention.The Psychologist-Manager Journal,15(4), p.237.

Cultural Mismatches in Educational Psychology Essay Example

Cultural Mismatches in Educational Psychology Paper The textbook speaks of a cultural mismatch that may interfere with a students ability to succeed in a traditional classroom. Describe the types of mismatches that might occur related to each of these traditional educational practices: a. The daily school time schedule b. The use of Standard English c. Whole-class question-answer sessions We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Mismatches in Educational Psychology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Mismatches in Educational Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Mismatches in Educational Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer d. Classroom competition Many people regulate their lives by the clock: Being on time to appointments, social engagements, and the dinner table is important. This emphasis on punctuality is not characteristic of all cultures, however; for example, many Hispanic and Native American communities dont observe strict schedules and timelines. Not surprisingly, children form these communities may be chronically late for school and have difficulty understanding the need for school tasks to be completed within a certain time frame. To succeed in mainstream Western society, students eventually need to learn punctuality. At the same time, we must recognize that not all of our students will be especially concerned about clock time when they first enter our classrooms. Certainly we should expect students to arrive at class on time and to turn in assignments when they are due. But we must be patient and understanding when, for cultural reasons, students do not develop such habits immediately. Even when children speak English at home, they may use a form of English different from the Standard English that is typically considered acceptable in school. More specifically, they may speak in a different dialect-a form of English that includes ome unique pronunciations and grammatical structures. For example, some African American children speak in an African American dialect. At one time, researchers believed that the African American dialect represented and erroneous and less complex form of speech than Standard English and urged education to teach students to speak properly as quickly as possible. But we now realize that African American dialects are, in fact, very complex language systems with their own predictable grammatical rules and their own unique idioms and proverbs. Furthermore, these dialects promote communication and complex thought as readily as Standard English. Most educators recommend that all students develop proficiency in Standard English because success in mainstream adult society will be difficult to achieve without such proficiency. At the same time, we should also recognize that other languages and dialects are very appropriate means of communication in many situations. For example, although we may wish to encourage Standard English in most written work or in formal oral presentations, we might find other dialects quite appropriate in creative writing or informal classroom discussions. Teachers frequently ask questions of their students and then wait for an answer. But exactly how long do they wait? Research indicates that most teachers wait a second or even less for students to reply. Research also indicates that when teachers wait for longer periods of time-for two to three seconds or even longer-students, especially those from ethnic minority groups, are more likely to answer teachers questions and participate in class discussions. Not only does such an extended wait time allow students to show respect, but it also gives students with limited English proficiency some mental translation time. Yet we should also be aware that some native Hawaiian students, rather than wanting time to think or show respect, may have a preference of negative wait time: They often interrupt teachers or classmates who havent finished speaking. Such interruptions, which many might interpret as rude, are instead a sign of personal involvement in the community culture of those students. School achievement in a traditional classroom is often a solitary, individual endeavor. Students receive praise, stickers, and good grades when they perform at a high level, regardless of how their classmates are performing. Sometimes, though, school achievement is quite competitive: A students performance is evaluated in comparison with performance of classmates. For example, some teachers may identify the best papers or drawings in the class; others may grade on a curve, with some students doing well and others inevitably failing. Yet in some cultures, it is neither individual achievement nor competitive achievement that is recognized, but rather group achievement: The success of the village or community is valued over individual success. Students from such cultures (including many Native American, Mexican American, Southeast Asian, and Pacific Islander students) are more accustomed to working cooperatively than competitively, and for the benefit of the community rather than for themselves. They may therefore resist when asked to compete against their classmates. They may also be confused when teachers scold them for helping one another on assignments or for sharing answers. And they may feel uncomfortable when their individual achievements are publicly acknowledged. Group work, with an emphasis on cooperation rather than competition, often facilitates the school achievement of these students.

Think Tanks and Special Interest Groups

Think Tanks and Special Interest Groups Free Online Research Papers Interest groups are organized group of individuals who share common objectives and who actively attempt to influence policymakers in all three branches of the government and at all levels. Encompassing primarily corporations, other business associations, citizen groups, unions, and professional associations, interest groups participate in every aspect of policy-making in the U.S. In this essay, I am going to write about the history and purpose of three interest groups: National Right to Life Committee, American Civil Liberties and The John Birch Society. The National Right to Life Committee is one of the largest pro-life organizations in the United States. Their purpose is to work through legislation and education to work against abortion, infanticide, euthanasia and assisted suicide (NRLC.org). The organization was founded in Detroit in 1973 in response to the Supreme Court decision of Roe V. Wade. The trial was very controversial issue for it time. The Roes case required state to allow women to have an abortion during the first six months of pregnancy. This allowed women a choice if they would like to keep a child. The reason why this trial was controversial is that it dealt with abortion. The history behind the initiation of the National Right to Life committee is about a women name Roe who was a pregnant woman from Texas that wanted an abortion, but an existing statue prevented her from doing so. The Texas statue, originally passed in 1857 outlawed abortions except to save the life of the life of the mother. Roe filed a lawsuit i n the federal district court on behalf of herself and all other pregnant women. Roe wanted to have the abortion statue declared because the 1857 statue passed in Texas was unconstitutional. It is stated that it was an invasion of her right to privacy guaranteed by the first, fourth, fifth, and ninth amendment. Therefore the Supreme Court declared the Texas abortion statue unconstitutional. The American Civil Liberties Union is an interest group that is concerned with limiting governmental influence into areas it feels are part of an individual’s private life and outside the domain of authoritative control. And, it actively engages in attempting to limit governmental and institutional intrusion into these areas of civil life. Also, The ACLU believes that each and every member of society posses certain liberties and freedoms as human beings and citizens that can not be infringed upon nor negated. This organization was founded in 1920 by a group of citizens and wanted to defend and preserve the individual rights an liberties guaranteed to all people in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States. (ACLU.Org) The John Birch Society is a conservative American organization that was found in Indiana in 1958. The purpose for this organization was against the growing threats to the Constitution of the United States. It defends what it sees as the original intention of the United States Constitution. They are against collectivism which is viewed as Socialism, Communism, and Fascism. The history about this organization is about a man name John Birch, who was a United States military intelligence officer and a Baptist missionary during the World War 2. He was killed by armed supporters of the Communist Party of China in 1945. Because of this outcome, the John Birch Society was created in order to stop any anti-communists. (JBS.org) American Civil Liberties Union. 2007. 6 Nobember 2007 John Birch Soceity. â€Å"Truth, Leadership, Freedom†. 6 November 2007. National Right to Life Committee. 2007. 6 November 2007 Research Papers on Think Tanks and Special Interest GroupsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyQuebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaCapital PunishmentUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

Editing of a Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Editing of a Film - Essay Example All the terminologies mentioned above are meant to make the film a big success and that depends upon the way the terminologies are used. Accuracy plays the vital role with the editors who work on these terminologies to edit the movie.For instance, when considering the terminology Crosscut, it actually does the intercutting of shots from two or more scenes. Then the fragments of each scene will be presented to the viewer’s attention alternately. This is in fact meant for parallel action. This option is very much useful to the editors to play between the scenes and edit them in whatever way they wish.At the same time when we consider the terminology called rough cut the editor assembles the film from some selected takes only leaving some specific points alone roughly and arrives at the fair one at the later stage. So in this process, the editors try to bring the original script somehow to a minimal percentage and apply all the other editing terminologies to complete the expected movie according to the original script. After this rough cut concept, the editors may apply the other terminologies like cut, cross cut, dissolve etc. This may be customized according to the editors and each one possesses their own way of working, but at last the ultimate goal is to present the film to the viewers in a proper manner. All the terminologies might not be used for a film, but the required ones alone to present it successfully before the public.Initially, editing was done using a single system that helped the editor to cut the scenes that were not required.

Depends on the article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Depends on the article - Essay Example A book published in 2008 focuses on the way children are able to focus after experiencing nature. It might be that the calming soothing essence of nature is what settles the mind of children with this disorder. Whatever it may be that helps it is important to incorporate that with the child’s everyday life. Sometimes our and surroundings have a way of altering ones mood and way of thinking A recent research study has proven, â€Å"nature helps children with ADHD and outperforms prescription medicine†.(Hance 2008) This proven method can highlight a new area of designing. If nature is the simple cure to this ever growing problem, there is so much that can be done to help keep nature alive outdoors and bring nature indoors. The study has results that show children with ADHD who engaged in a 20 minute or more walk in nature, were better able to concentrate on studies. What can be gained by this is simply that the surrounding of children with ADHD has a huge affect on the way they are able to learn. No research can prove the long term affects of this but it is true that a natural way to allow a child to focus and learn is always better then medication. Those involved in the study also believe that after the time, the issues associated with ADHD can be lessened. Schools can take part in this by changing the surroundings in schools. If nature affects the way children with ADHD learn, it will also have affects on children without ADHD. The benefits of bringing nature indoors are great for everyone. Children should have a peaceful environment to learn in. Too many distractions can make it hard to concentrate. When designing a school setting it is important to keep in mind that simplicity will allow the mind to relax. Certain things can be brought into the design element that are from nature. â€Å"Classrooms can have real plants and trees and flowers†. (Taylor,Kuo 2008) Other elements such as a simulated waterfall and aquariums are important. The style of the

A common foreign and security policy for the EU, a bright future or an Essay

A common foreign and security policy for the EU, a bright future or an unachievable dream - Essay Example Through the evolution of events and treaties leading up to the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht), The European Union (TEU) emerged in 1992 as the organization encompassing a â€Å"three pillar structure† in common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and â€Å"justice and home affairs†3. Since 1992, the goal of TEU has been â€Å"The onus . . . to develop credibility, expertise the basis for a political power of its own 4.† While it is the combination of the three prong structure that comprises TEU, and without the third prong of â€Å"justice and home affairs,† certainly it would be difficult if not impossible for the first two to be pursued; it nonetheless is the first two, or CFSP, that this paper concerns itself with. As would be expected, the coming together of cultural and political forces which combine to form the EU result in dynamic policy making decisions with respect to CFSP. It is imperative to remember that the council members who sit on the EU come from individual countries with sovereign governing bodies within each of the separate member countries5. Yet the members elected to the EU are attempting to make policy with respect to a â€Å"community† of nation-states that have defined borders and a common interest in defense of those borders, while the interests of the countries independently may be very different6. It would be impossible to make progress if the scope of focus here was not limited to â€Å". . . common policy development, and evidence of convergence, as either a prompt – or a consequence – of involvement in the EU process7.† Likewise, it becomes important to consider, too, that the EU policy cannot realistically be considered within the geograp hical boundaries of just the present day member countries 8. In other words, while the members states and representatives of the EU were coming together to identify issues of foreign policy and defense for themselves as a community, there were still the considerations of

Sales Of Coca Cola Products In Hyderabad

Sales Of Coca Cola Products In Hyderabad This project has been undertaken to do a detailed analysis of the Retail Outlets. The company aimed that coke, its branded soft drinks, would stand for the highest level of Quality Quantity and an enhanced customer experience. The project aims to do a gap analysis of these retail outlets and find the difference between the actual and the expected performance. The difference in their performance level is measured by visiting these outlets to observe and check the level of services delivered to the customer there. The project also tries to find out the attitude of the dealers of the outlets towards this initiative of the company. It aims to find their motivation level and their satisfaction from the company and how this affects the sales. Customers present at the outlets are also surveyed to find their satisfaction level and their expectations from the company. The survey would also help to understand the behaviour of the customers. An analysis of the sales figures of the outlets is done to see if there has been any change in the sales. The sales figures of every month in different cities of Hyderabad are compared to see if there is any difference between them. The findings from the study would provide the company with insights into areas that need to be improved. Recommendations would be given for further strengthening the proposition in the city of Hyderabad. INTRODUCTION 800px-Coca-Cola_logo Open happiness. Introduction: The purpose of the study is to provide qualitative inputs to the organization about strengthening its proposition in the city of Hyderabad. The project aims to do a gap analysis between the actual performance of the Retail outlets and the expected performance by the company. It also aims to evaluate if the brand has helped increase its sales figures and the customer satisfaction level. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study is to give the company a detailed report on the current performance level of the retail outlets and the gap between the actual and the expected performance of these outlets. By identifying the gaps the company would get an insight on areas which can be improved upon. Scope: The report would be useful to the company to: Find the gap between the actual performance and the performance expected by the company in the functioning of the outlets in the city of Hyderabad. Find the dealers perception towards the initiative of the company and his satisfaction level from the company. Analyze the sales figures of the retail outlets before and after the implementation of the concept RED and compare these figures with that of the normal retail outlets to see if there is any significant difference between the two figures. Find the satisfaction level of the customers from the outlets and compare this satisfaction level with that of the customers at the normal retail outlets to see if there is any significant difference. Summarize the findings and give recommendations to the company to improve the proposition of outlets. Limitations: The project had some obvious limitations: It was difficult to make customers understand the questionnaire and fill it. They generally used to be in a hurry and hence did not like to fill the questionnaire. In measuring the customer service level by observation method it often so happened that the customer service level would improve in the presence of the observer than on routine days. Hyderabad is a big city and it is difficult to survey all the customers from every outlet of the city. The sample size for this research was small owing to limitations of time and cost. Methodology: The project was completed in three phases: The first phase involved the source of data about HCCBPL was its website, internet, articles and companys unpublished resources. Competitors study was also done using the internet and articles etc. Second phase involved the survey and observation study. The Outlets in the city were visited. Survey was conducted over the dealers. Also, observations were made to give ratings on the customer service level, infrastructure etc. in order to do the gap analysis. Finally the third phase involved analyzing the results and coming up with the findings and recommendations. Research design: The research is exploratory in nature with the following characteristics: To provide insights and understandings on an aspect. Sample is small Research method is flexible Data collection: The research involved both primary and secondary data collection. Primary data: The primary data (i.e., related to analysis part) was collected from the customers by the Performa designated for the purpose given by the Company. Secondary date: The secondary data was collected from the companys brochures, manuals and journals and also from the websites of Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd. Questionnaire development and pre-testing: A properly designed questionnaire can tap the necessary information from the respondents. In framing a questionnaire the researcher must ensure that the questions are designed to draw information that will fulfil research objective. Also the researcher must make sure of the target population for the same. A questionnaire can contain both open and close ended questions. Close ended questions give respondents a finite set of specified responses to choose from. Our questionnaire contains structured questions i.e. which have a specified number of responses .We used Likert rating scale for responses that requires the respondent to indicate a degree of agreement or disagreement with each of series of statement about the stimulus objects. We used a rating scale of 1 to 5 in which 1stands for strongly disagree and 5 stands for strongly agree. There were also questions which elicited qualitative responses. The questions wording were kept simple and easy to understand. Pre-testing refers to testing the questionnaire on a small sample of respondents selected on a convenient basis that is not too divergent from the actual respondent. It includes testing all aspects of questionnaire starting from the question content to question sequence. Pre- testing enables the researcher to revise the questionnaire by identifying the flaws and eliminating any ambiguous questions. We will go for pre-testing on 30 respondents. Sampling Technique: Sampling is done to select a target audience for the purpose of determining the characteristic of the whole population. There are two basic approaches to sampling, i.e. probability and non-probability. In our research we have used non-probability sampling which involves the selection of units based on factors other than random chances. Cluster sampling, Convenience sampling, quota sampling, judgment sampling and snowball sampling are few examples of non-probability sampling. Sample Size Dealers Surveyed: 100 Consumers Surveyed: 25 Theoretical Framework: The word MARKET is derived from the Latin word MARCATUS which means MERCHANDISE (Buy Sell products for profit) place where business is conducted. It is usually used to refer a place where actual buying and selling takes place. If we look at this definition in more detail Marketing is a management responsibility and should not be solely left to junior members of staff. Marketing requires co-ordination, planning, implementation of campaigns and a competent manager(s) with the appropriate skills to ensure success. Marketing objectives, goals and targets have to be monitored and met, competitor strategies analysed, anticipated and exceeded. Through effective use of market and marketing research an organisation should be able to identify the needs and wants of the customer and try to delivers benefits that will enhance or add to the customers lifestyle, while at the same time ensuring that the satisfaction of these needs results in a healthy turnover for the organization. The American Marketing Association (AMA) states, Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individuals and organizational objectives. A market-focused, or customer-focused, organization first determines what its potential customer desire, and then builds the product or service. Marketing theory and practice is justified in the belief that customers use a product/service because they have a need, or because a product/service provides a perceived benefit. Two major factors of marketing are the recruitment of new customers (acquisition) and the retention and expansion of relationships with existing customers (base management). Once a marketer has converted the prospective buyer, base management marketing takes over. The process for base management shifts the marketer to building a relationship, nurturing the links, enhancing the benefits that sold the buyer in the first place, and improving the product/service continuously to protect the business from competitive encroachments. Marketing methods are informed by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology is also a small, but growing, influence. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. For a marketing plan to be successful, the mix of the four Ps must reflect the wants and desires of the consumers in the target market. Trying to convince a market segment to buy something they dont want is extremely expensive and seldom successful. Marketers depend on marketing research, both formal and informal, to determine what consumers want and what they are willing to pay for it. Marketers hope that this process will give them a sustainable competitive advantage. Marketing management is the practical application of this process. The offer is also an important addition to the 4Ps theory. Within most organizations, the activities encompassed by the marketing function are led by a Vice President or Director of Marketing. A growing number of organizations, especially large US companies, have a Chief Marketing Officer position, reporting to the Chief Executive Officer. Two Levels of Marketing: Strategic Marketing attempts to determine how an organization competes against its competitors in a market place. In particular, it aims at generating a competitive advantage relative to its competitors. Operational Marketing executes marketing functions to attract and keep customers and to maximize the value derived for them, as well as to satisfy the customer with prompt services and meeting the customer expectations. Operational Marketing includes the determination of the marketing mix. Four Ps: Marketing mix: In popular usage, marketing is the promotion of products, especially advertising and branding. However, in professional usage the term has a wider meaning which recognizes that marketing is customer centred. Products are often developed to meet the desires of groups of customers or even, in some cases, for specific customers. E. Jerome McCarthy divided marketing into four general sets of activities. His typology has become so universally recognized that his four activity sets, the Four Ps, have passed into the language. The four Ps are: Product: The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-users needs and wants. The scope of a product generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support. Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a product, including discounts. The price need not be monetary it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or services, e.g. time, energy, psychology or attention. Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and personal selling, and refers to the various methods of promoting the product, brand, or company. Placement or distribution: This refers to how the product gets to the customer; for example, point of sale placement or retailing. This fourth P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a product or services is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or industry, to which segment (young adults, families, business people), etc. Marketing Mix The Four P Components of the Marketing Mix Target Market PRODUCT PRICE PROMOTION PLACE Product Variety Quality Design Features Brand Name Packaging Sizes Services Warranties List Price Discounts Allowances Payment Period Credit terms Sales Promotion Advertising Sales force Public relations Direct Marketing Channels Coverage Assortments Locations Inventory Transport These four elements are often referred to as the marketing mix. A marketer can use these variables to craft a marketing plan. The four Ps model is most useful when marketing low value consumer products. Industrial products, services, high value consumer products require adjustments to this model. Services marketing must account for the unique nature of services. Industrial or B2B marketing must account for the long term contractual agreements that are typical in supply chain transactions. Relationship marketing attempts to do this by looking at marketing from a long term relationship perspective rather than individual transactions. As a counter to this, Morgan, in Riding the Waves of Change (Jossey-Bass, 1988), adds Perhaps the most significant criticism of the 4 Ps approach, which you should be aware of, is that it unconsciously emphasizes the inside-out view (looking from the company outwards), whereas the essence of marketing should be the outside-in approach. Even so, having made this important caveat, the 4 Ps offer a memorable and quite workable guide to the major categories of marketing activity, as well as a framework within which these can be used. Promotional mix. 1. Advertising: Any paid presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor. Examples: Print ads, radio, television, billboard, direct mail, brochures and catalogs, signs, in-store displays, posters, motion pictures, Web pages, banner ads, and emails. 2. Sales promotion: Short-term incentives to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service. Sales-stimulation achieved through contests, demonstrations, discounts, exhibitions or trade shows, games, giveaways, point-of-sale displays and merchandising, special offers, etc. 3. Personal Selling: As the name implies, this form of promotion involves personal contact between company representatives and those who have a role in purchase decisions. Face-to-face communication between buyer and seller Examples: Sales presentations, sales meetings, sales training and incentive programs for intermediary salespeople, samples, and telemarketing. Can be face-to-face or via telephone. 4. Publicity: The communication of a product, brand or business by placing information about it in the media without paying for the time or media space directly. Otherwise known as public relations or PR Examples: Newspaper and magazine articles/reports, TVs and radio presentations, charitable contributions, speeches, issue advertising, and seminars. 5. Direct marketing: Direct communications with carefully targeted individual consumers to obtain an immediate response and cultivate lasting customer relationships. That is Contacting and influencing carefully chosen prospects with means such as telemarketing and direct mail advertising. FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS: The Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) business is built on two pillars Brand and Distribution. The comprehensive conceptual coverage of these and other key marketing concepts are as follows: 1. Branding 2. Valuation of Brands 3. Distribution 4. Marketing 5. Market Research 6. Market Segmentation and Positioning 7. Advertising and Promotions INDUSTRY PROFILE INDIAN FMCG INDUSTRY MARKET TRENDS: The latest figures of industrial growths how a continuous strong growth in durable consumer products, as well as of consumer non-durable. There has been a slowing down in production of automobiles but that is after record increase in the last year. As far as Indian Vs foreign companies are concerned there appears to be a continuous decline of Indian owned brands in national consumer markets. Foreign brands are growing in dominance as foreign owners adapt to Indian consumer preferences, market realities, and change management styles accordingly. The lack of strong pre-emptive action by Indian consumer product companies, that was obvious throughout the 1990s continued in the last two years as well. It almost looks as if many of them are tired of trying to compete and prefer to sell out, pocket the gains and move to something else. RURAL MARKETS: Rural markets have shown fast growth when special small pack sizes are available, and more so in the case of necessity and emerging products, while lifestyle products shown good growth even in standard packs. The developed ones stated with good infrastructure (Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamilnadu) show faster penetration growth than the developing states and even more so for lifestyle products, larger pack sizes are bought in developed than in developing states, as also a large proportion of premium products. Products designed for the rural consumers and taking account of their cultural diversity, lifestyle, standard of living, disposable income, consumption pattern, and communication facilities appear to be key elements in a rural marketing strategy. FOREIGN AND INDIAN: The swadeshi (National) argument, put graphically many years ago as computers chips and not potato chips was primarily directed at the entry of foreign companies into consumer goods. This argument expected that Indian brands would be unable to compete with foreign brands who would take over FMCG markets. In fact Indian brands have declined in national markets and Indian companies have diminishing presence in consumer product markets in India. The national markets are being taken over by foreign brands and foreign companies. This is across the whole spectrum of products with a few rare exceptions. FRANCHISING: There are other service areas where we are now seeing tremendous growth. Many can be labelled under the head franchising. Franchising is now taking off in India. It has already shown spectacular growth in education, particularly in information technology, but many others coming into franchising include for pathology laboratories; entertainment including game parlour, bowling alleys, amusement parks, pool parlours, multiplex cinema theatres etc; specialized food services epitomized by Sub-way sandwich and salads bars, star bucks with coffee cafes. Personal grooming and fitness centres are yet another fast growing franchising area. It is estimated that in franchising, every new franchisee will create new jobs. We can expect franchising to be major source of new employment. RETAIL TRADE: The forthcoming revolution in retail trading in India is also important part of the dramatic changes that are taking place in Indian consumer markets. They are part of the change in life styles that the young and confident new Indian is bringing out and he/she comes to maturity. There is a revolution taking place in clothing for men, women and children. There is an abundance of new entrants with their brands into the market, which within two years have become a major element of the total market and are growing rapidly. Shopping malls are other areas of major new activity. CONCLUSION: There is a revolution taking place in distribution with the entry in the metros as well as smaller cities and towns, of self service stores, super markets, shopping malls, departmental stores, chains stores, and information technology related ones. But that does not mean that morn and pop stores will die. What will certainly happen is that many will become spruced up. At the same time, direct selling by mail order, and door-to-door, will see tremendous growth. Already, a recent entrant kike Amway has crossed Rs 100 crores in turnover and is expecting faster growth, especially as they prepare to tap rural and mass markets. Foreign brands are likely to dominate most Indian consumer products. Indian brands that are in niche markets have a better chance of surviving and growing. Indian business has to overcome their history of past short term thinking modes. SOFT DRINK SECTOR OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION: The term soft drink refers to all types of non-alcoholic and carbonated sweetened, flavoured beverages etc. They are all artificially sweetened. The soft drink industry has undergone many changes with changing consumer needs, wants and also changing Government policies. This formed the basis for different innovations in packaging such as bottles, cans, tetra packs and pet bottles in a variety of flavours. RESTROSPECTION OF INDIAN SOFT DRINK INDUSTRY: The soft drinks market till early 1990 were in the hands of domestic players like Campa, Thums Up, Limca etc, but with the opening of the economy and liberalization of economic policies, many foreign multinationals started ventures in India by buying over competitors, the two American Cola giants have cleared up the arena and are backing all their power behind the Indian Franchise of their global girdling brands. While Pepsi which scores over Coke but this difference is fast decreasing (courtesy huge ad spending by both the players). Pepsi entered Indian market in 1991 and Coke re-entered (after they were sent away in 1977, by then central Government) in 1993. Pepsi has been targeting its products towards the youth and it has struck the right chord with the market, and the sales have been doing well by sticking to this youth bandwagon. Coke on the other hand, struggled initially in the market. In the span 7 years of its operations in the country, it has changed its CEO four times but finally they seem to have started understanding the pulse of the Indian consumers. The soft drink market in India is growing at the rate of 10% every year. With growing urbanization and the younger generation, which had liking for non-conventional foods and beverages, there is a good possibility that the per capita consumption will go up. This sector can be understood in more detail by the following points. Background Segmentation Consumer habits and practices Market players and market share Major players and market share Distribution Network Manufacturing process Retailers perception. MARKET CHARACTERISTICS: The soft drink market is highly skewed in terms of place of consumption, in terms of regional distribution and soft drink flavours as well as in terms of SKUs. While 80% of the consumption is impulse based outside home, 20% comes from consumption at home. This trend is slowly changing with increase in occasion led sales. Changing lifestyle, increasing urbanization and impact of liberalization has slowly and gradually started moving the market from impulse led to occasion led home refrigeration led consumption. The market preference is highly regional based. While Cola drinks have main markets in metro cities and northern states UP, Punjab, Haryana etc, Orange flavoured drinks are popular in southern states. Sodas too are sold largely in southern states besides sale through bars. Western markets have preference towards mango-flavoured drinks. PROBLEMS SPECIFIC TO INDIAN SOFT DRINK INDUSTRY: The government of India has considered the soft drink as non essential. As a result, the government perception levied heavy excise duty on the bottled soft drink. Today soft drink costs Rs.9 to Rs.55 based on the quality to the customers. However, in a country like India where 40% of the population exists below poverty line, consumers cannot afford such price. As a result the trading activity of the soft drinks is concentrated in and around major towns and cities where the purchasing power of the people and standard of living is high. Growth rate of this industry in India is also not encouraging. In fact, date from the Ministry of Food Processing shows that growth rate in the soft drink market was the minimum in 1996. Changes in technology and consumer taste brought about many changes in the Indian soft drink industry from the time of introduction of soft drink in India till today. COMPANY PROFILE COCA-COLA John Styth Pemberton first introduced the refreshing taste of Coca-Cola in Atlanta, Georgia in the year 1886. 2% of all beverages consumed each day (including water) are coca-cola and that percentage is growing. Operated 200+ countries, 55000 direct man power, 400 brands, 4 out of the INDIAS top 5 soft drink brands. 75% of the coke revenue coming from outside of US Coke entered India in 1954 and turns backs in 1977.Re-entered in the year 1993 to refresh Indian consumers. 126 years in business.49 consecutive years with increased dividends. 3500+ Beverages and 139600 worldwide employees. Mission, Vision Values: The world is changing all around us. To continue to thrive as a business over the next ten years and beyond, we must look ahead, understand the trends and forces that will shape our business in the future and move swiftly to prepare for whats to come. We must get ready for tomorrow today. Thats what our 2020 Vision is all about. It creates a long-term destination for our business and provides us with a Roadmap for winning together with our bottling partners. Mission: To refresh the world To inspire moments of optimism and happiness To create value and make a difference. Vision: People: Be a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be. Portfolio: Bring to the world a portfolio of quality beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy peoples desires and needs. Partners: Nurture a winning network of customers and suppliers, together we create mutual, enduring value. Planet: Be a responsible citizen that makes a difference by helping build and support sustainable communities. Profit: Maximize long-term return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities. Productivity: Be a highly effective, lean and fast-moving organization. Values: Leadership: The courage to shape a better future Collaboration: Leverage collective genius Integrity: Be real Accountability: If it is to be, its up to me Passion: Committed in heart and mind Diversity: As inclusive as our brands Quality: What we do, we do well Business Model: PITA is a profit Creation Model .By implementing PITA Model, we can increase profit of our Customer as well as companys. P stands for Population I stand for Incidence T stands for Transaction A stands for Average Profit POPULATION: The population can be defined as the shoppers or consumers in given universe or can be defined as number of footfalls in given outlet where Coca-Cola products are available. The main purpose of RED is to attract the population or to increase the footfalls in an outlet where Coca-Cola products are present. As described the main purpose of RED is to increase the footfalls in an outlet so to make it happen following steps are taken, which are described below. Following are the few activation standards that are taken outside the outlet. Cooler at the entrance Standee, Sign at the entrance Combo Boards at the entrance INCIDENCE: Incidence can be described as the percentage of population that buys our product. For an incidence to occur, we do some in shop activation which helps us to increase the percentage of people to buy our products. Incidence mostly plays with the Impulse of the consumer who is getting into the outlet. Following few steps have to be taken to increase the incidence. Cooler in Prime Position Cooler Pure and Clean Rack Display Shelf Display Combo Boards Table Activation Counter Top Display TRANSACTION: Transaction can be described as amount in volume brought per transaction. Suppose a consumer goes into the shop for his personnel consumption by looking and by getting attracted towards the large PET bottles, he / she might go for the large PET bottles. So to increase the transaction size per consumer a few steps have to be taken as follows. Rack display Cooler top Display 300 ML instead of 200 ML 600 ML and 1.5 Lit PET availability Cooler in Prime Position AVERAGE PROFIT: This can be described as the amount of profit in value per transaction. Placing higher Margin pack like Mobile PET, 1.5 Lit, Cans, Maaza 250 ML, Maaza 600 ML, Maaza 1.2 Lit, we can increase the average profit , because the margins on these packs is higher than the RGBs. This can be better understood by the following table: Coca-cola Company is divided into two parts. They are as follows: The main objective of the project is to increase sales of coca-cola products. SALES S- Serve with smile A- Attitude L- lovable by others (outlet) E-efficient (20/80) S-seldom fails In most FMCG, 73% of purchasing decisions are impulsive. Better product assortment wills impulse better product purchase. As the merchandise is more the sales will be increased Coca-cola has two types of Operations. They are as follows: COBO : Company Owned Business Operations. 1. DSD: Direct Sales Distribution. 2. INDIRECT: It is sub divided into 3 parts. AMC: Area Marketing Contractor. ANCHOR MILK POINT FOBO : Franchise Owned Business Operations. The main activity of FOBO is SGA (Sales Generating Asset) CDE (Cool Drinks Equipment) COBO helps FOBO in supp

Population in the world Today :: essays papers

Population in the world Today Probably the most pressing concern of the modern world — both environmentally and socially — is the escalating global population. The geometrical growth in numbers over the last century, when estimated, presents an ominous picture of massive, unsustainable growth and accompanying famines and health crises. Yet, to simply follow the current trend is naive, and informed estimates of population trends are increasingly predicting a less disastrous future. The latest study shows an 85% chance that global population will peak before 2100, and predicts with 60% certainty that this peak will be less than 10 billion, compared with a population of 6 billion today. They even give an outside chance, 15%, that there will be fewer people living at the end of the century than are alive now. Their results are notable not just for the relatively low figures projected, but also for the rigorous analysis that accompanies them. Whereas the United Nation estimates present just four possible outcomes (constant, high, medium and low). The US Census Bureau includes specific chances of a particular scenario occurring on a specific date. This graphically illustrates the confidence (or otherwise) of predictions further into the future. To arrive at their conclusions, the team combined two forecasting techniques — 'time series estimation, a statistical analysis based on known figures, and 'expert judgment', whereby key parameters are estimated taking into account foreseeable events such as disease, war and fertility trends. Apart from the lower total population figure estimated (8.8 billion by 2050, compared to 9.3 for the UN's medium estimate, 2000 revision). Population decline in developed nations is expected to accelerate, with the European part of the former USSR expected to lose 20% of it population by 2050. Such declines lead inevitably to ageing populations, and half of all people living in Japan at the end of the century are predicted to be over 60 years old. With these facts, there is no doubt in our minds that we are in for some trouble. Over the next 50 years, the United States alone faces some population problems. What we need to do is keep the growth rate at stage 4, meaning we need to have birth and death rates low.